Frank Lloyd Wrights Plan for a Fireproof House

Straight to the point Lloyd Wright's Plan for a Fireproof House Maybe it was the 1906 quake and incredible fire in San Francisco that in the long run roused Frank Lloyd Wrights April 1907 Ladies Home Journal (LHJ) article, A Fireproof House for $5000. Dutch-conceived Edward Bok, LHJ manager in-boss from 1889 to 1919, saw incredible guarantee in Wrights early structures. In 1901 Bok distributed Wrights plans for A Home in a Prairie Town and A Small House with Lots of Room in It. The articles, including the flame resistant house, included draws and floor plans structured only for the LHJ. Its no big surprise that the diary was the main magazine on the planet to have one million endorsers. The structure for the flame resistant house is very Wright-basic and present day, somewhere close to Prairie style and Usonian. By 1910 Wright was looking at what he called the solid place of The Ladies Home Journal with his other level roofed, solid ventures, including Unity Temple. Attributes of Wrights 1907 Fireproof House Straightforward Design: The floor plan shows a run of the mill American Foursquare, well known at that point. With four sides of equivalent measurements, solid structures could be made once and utilized multiple times. To give the house visual width or profundity, a basic trellis has been included, reaching out from the passageway. Focus steps close to the passage give simple access to all pieces of the house. This house is planned with no upper room, however incorporates a dry, well-lit storm cellar storeroom. Solid Construction: Wright was an incredible advertiser of strengthened solid development particularly as it turned out to be progressively reasonable for property holders. Changing modern conditions have brought reenforced solid development inside the range of the normal home-creator, Wright claims in the article. The steel and brick work material gives fire insurance, yet in addition security from clamminess, warmth, and cold. A structure of this sort is more suffering than if cut unblemished from strong stone, for it isn't just a brick work stone monument yet joined with steel strands also. For those new to the way toward working with this structure material, Wright depicted that you make the structures utilizing thin ground surface smoothed as an afterthought toward the solid and oiled. This would make the surface smooth. Wright composed: In the sythesis of the solid for the outside dividers just finely-screened feathered creatures eye rock is utilized with concrete enough added to fill the voids. This blend is placed into the cases very dry and packed. At the point when the structures are expelled the outside is washed with an answer of hydrochloric corrosive, which cuts the concrete from the external essence of the rocks, and the entire surface sparkles like a bit of dim stone. Level, Concrete Slab Roof: The dividers, floors and top of this house, composes Wright, are solid throwing, framed in the standard way by methods for wooden, bogus work, the stack at the inside conveying, similar to an immense post, the focal heap of floor and rooftop development. Five-inch thick strengthened rock concrete makes flame resistant floors and a rooftop section that shades to secure the dividers. The rooftop is treated with tar and rock andâ angled to deplete not over the virus edges of the house, yet into a downspout close to the winter-warm focus smokestack. Closable Eaves: Wright discloses that To bear the cost of further insurance to the second-story rooms from the warmth of the sun a bogus roof is given of put metal strip draping eight creeps beneath the base of the rooftop piece, leaving a coursing air space above, depleted to the enormous open space in the focal point of the stack. Controlling the air flow in this space (by a straightforward gadget came to from the second-story windows) is a natural framework utilized today in fire-inclined regions left open in summer and shut in winter and for assurance from blowing ashes. Mortar Interior Walls: All the inside allotments are of metal slat put the two sides, composes Wright, or of three-inch tile set upon the floor chunks after the fortified solid development is finished. In the wake of covering within surfaces of the outside solid dividers with a non-leading paint, or fixing them with a mortar board, the entire is put two coats with a harsh sand finish. The inside is cut with light wood strips nailed to little, permeable earthenware squares, which are set into the structures at the best possible focuses before the structures are loaded up with the solid. Metal Windows: Wrights structure for a flame resistant house incorporates casement windows, swinging outward....The external band may at no extraordinary extra cost be made of metal. Negligible Landscaping: Frank Lloyd Wright completely accepted that his plan could remain all alone. As an additional elegance in summer foliage and blossoms are masterminded as an improving component of the plan, the main ornamentation. In winter the structure is proportional and complete without them. Known Examples of Frank Lloyd Wright Fireproof Houses 1908: Stockman Museum, Mason City, Iowa1915: Edmund F. Brigham House, Glencoe, Illinois1915: Emil Bach House, Chicago, Illinois Assets and Further Reading Edward Bok, Bok Tower Gardens National Historic Landmark site Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 75 A Fireproof House for $5000, by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ladies Home Journal, April 1907, p. 24. A duplicate of the article was on the site of the Stockman House Museum, River City Society for Historic Preservation, Mason City, IA at www.stockmanhouse.org/lhj.html [accessed August 20, 2012]Visit the Emil Bach House at gowright.org/visit/bachhouse.html, Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation TrustGlencoes Notable Architecture, The Village of Glencoe; Antique Home Style has repeated A Fireproof House for $5000 [accessed October 5, 2013]

The Subconscious Intrusion

The Subconscious Intrusion Burton FitchueThe Subconscious IntrusionWatching TV and playing computer games appear guiltless represents a kid to get engaged with, yet in all actuality, they are the absolute generally perilous. At a youthful age, youngsters' brains are like wipes; they ingest everything in their reality. This trademark makes kids an obvious objective for the media to control and mislead. Brutality isn't really constrained on youngsters, however it sets a standard for what they see as common and fair in our general public. The normal youngster observes around twenty-eight hours of TV seven days, and over portion of all kids in the United States have a TV in their room. Considering the way that blue pencils are permitting a broad measure of vicious substance to be broadcast, as proof by the record measure of brutal acts demonstrated every hour, it is alarming to imagine that kids are observing a greater number of long periods of TV than the measure of time spent in school.Jack Thompson (lawyer) tal king at a discussion at C...Although viciousness has consistently been predominant in the public eye, it is an expanding issue. It is unquestionably evident that brutality in youth is multifactorial; destitution, youngster misuse, and family psychopathology all can lead a kid down a way of rough conduct. Longitudinal, cross-sectional, and trial considers have all affirmed a solid connection between's media viciousness, including TV, movies, and computer games, and forceful conduct in youngsters. Savagery in web based life and videogames is hazardous in light of the fact that it is viewed as just a game according to kids; since consistent presentation to viciousness causes desensitization; and on the grounds that forceful conduct is advanced, at that point imitated.Children have demonstrated that they can accomplish considerably more data than one gives them acknowledgment for (Chenes 41). A multi year old kid taken to the motion pictures by a parent will get three out...

How it Relates to Greek Religion and Culture Essay

Antiquated Greeks put stock in a progression of fantasies, which clarified nature, set the ethical code for the Greek individuals, and some were simply engaging stories. These fantasies diverted the Greek world from a universe of dread into a universe of wondrous magnificence. A large number of these divine beings and goddesses were related with a specific undertaking or action (Buxton). The Greek individuals accepted that the divine beings were consolidated into each part of their lives. The Ancient Greeks, being a polytheistic culture, made numerous excessive fantasies with respect to 12 divine beings and goddesses that they accepted to manage all parts of their lives. These legends were an early science. They were the consequence of the Greeks attempting to clarify their general surroundings. The Greek individuals made their divine beings in their own picture, normally making paradise a pleasant and natural spot (Hamilton). In Greek folklore the Gods didn't make the universe, yet rather, the universe made the divine beings. The folklore of the individuals of Greece starts with Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. It is in these epic sonnets that Homer recounts to the tales of the numerous divine beings and hero’s of Greece. We currently know who and what the Greek divine beings were, however how are they applicable to the Greek Religion? Know that the Greeks didn't have a word for religion. Likewise they didn't have any composed content or sacred writing. At the point when we talk about Greek religion we mean their ceremonial practices and their convictions in sacrosanct things, creatures, and spots (Cline). We likewise should recall that Greek folklore isn't equivalent to Greek religion, however they are firmly entwined. The main prerequisite of the Greeks for their religion was to trust in the divine beings and perform penances to them. These sacrosanct demonstrations, penance and celebrations, were the base of the Greek religion (Buxton). This is by all accounts a somewhat loosening up approach to carry on throughout everyday life, except not really. The Greeks credited anything great happening to the divine beings being content with them, likewise when something terrible occurred, for instance, a seismic tremor, starvation, or the departure of a fight, it was ascribed to the divine beings being disappointed with the Greeks (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The Ancient Greeks were an amazingly strict individuals, who spent their lives attempting to satisfy the divine beings through their penance, celebrations, and immovable confidence in them. Penance was one of the most significant approaches to satisfy the divine beings; they were thought to be endowments to the divine beings. The individuals of Greece would give a penance of creatures, yet in addition bloodless penances, for example, nourishment, grasses, grains, and incense (Christman). Every city had a sanctuary raised to their supporter god. In Athens they had fabricated the Acropolis, with its primary sanctuary being the Parthenon, which was committed to Athena (which whom Athens was named after). Athena was Zeus’s little girl, and it is said in the fantasies that she was conceived from his head. Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the safeguard of the towns. She is typically appeared in craftsmanship wearing full defensive layer. Additionally connected with her is Nike the image of triumph (Hamilton). These sanctuaries were not for venerate, yet they were accepted to house the divine beings for which the sanctuary was constructed. The main individuals who were permitted inside were the ministers and priestesses, and that was distinctly to keep it clean and deal with the god’s sculpture (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The focal point of the sanctuary was no solitary the god or goddess however the conciliatory adjust. Every sanctuary had a modify outside for the admirers to put their contributions. The penances the Greeks made to their divine beings were their method for guaranteeing that they would be permitted to lead a typical cheerful life. The Greeks likewise participated in strict celebrations and for additional consolation of their satisfying the divine beings went to prophets. We realize that the Greek individuals took part in numerous strict celebrations, yet the subtleties of these celebrations are obscure. The primary celebration that the Greeks participated in was the Olympic games, out of appreciation for Zeus. Zeus was the most impressive of the considerable number of divine beings, his capacity alone was more prominent than the entirety of different divine beings consolidated. He was the God of the Sky, bearing his jolt, at which he would toss to earth striking anyplace he wished. His shortcomings, notwithstanding, engage the possibility that he is a man. Zeus is depicted as beginning to look all starry eyed at numerous ladies and attempting to conceal his unfaithfulness from his significant other Hera (Hamilton). The Olympic game celebration happened each fourth summer. All through Greece a ceasefire was declared with the goal that every single Greek resident could come and take an interest (â€Å"Greek Religion†). The special case to this was ladies, they not exclusively couldn't take an interest, yet they couldn't watch (Buxton). The Olympic games were held at the Stadium of Olympia, and the headliner was, where the members contended in five unique occasions. This field was additionally the absolute first landmark of Greek Classical craftsmanship (Kleiner). Another piece of the Greek religion was the prophets. The most well known prophet was the Oracle of Delphi. The prophets were accepted to be the delegates of the divine beings. Yet, no ordinary individual could comprehend their messages, just the clerics and priestesses could. The Greeks accepted that the divine beings talked in puzzles, in light of the fact that the divine beings were more mind boggling than the people, thus the couldn't answer as the people did (â€Å"Ancient Greece†). The celebrations and the prophets were a significant piece of the Greek life. The Greek divine beings even found a spot in the regular day to day existence of a Greek resident. Hestia, Zeus’s sister. She has no impact in the fantasies yet was imperative to the Greeks. She was the Goddess of the Hearth. Each home in Greece had a hearth committed to her where the fire was not permitted out go out, alongside every city (Hunt). At the point when another town was established the individuals would light a light from the mother town and convey its fire to the hearth in the new town. Sound natural; this is the proposed start of the Olympic light. Additionally, when a kid was brought into the world the family needed to walk the infant around the hearth before it was to be acknowledged into the family (Hamilton). Additionally, as indicated by Hunt, young men were prepared to have sound solid bodies, not exclusively to battle in the militaries, however to be solid rivals in the Olympic games. Young men and young ladies were instructed from early ages about the divine beings and goddesses. They were instructed how to regard and please them in their every day lives (â€Å"The Ancient Greeks†). Additionally most Greeks made a type of penance to the divine beings day by day. This was to attempt to keep the divine beings cheerful and carry favorable luck to themselves. There were a wide range of ways that the individuals of Greece attempted to keep the idea of their divine beings present in their every day lives. Religion encroached on the fighting of the city-states in various manners. The officers much of the time considered themselves to be strolling in the strides of their divine beings and chivalrous forerunners (Buxton). No where in the Greek city-states did they go into fight without first giving up. To do this was unimaginable. The troopers of Greece for the most part yielded to either Ares or Athena. Ares was the God of War, yet isn’t referenced much in the fantasies. He has no particular credits and is hard to recognize in workmanship. Hamilton says this is likely on the grounds that the Greeks thought of him as â€Å"hateful†. Once more, Athena is known as the Goddess of war and the protector of the towns. In any case, at that point on the far edge was the respecting of Aphrodite, who was the Goddess of Love and Beauty, yet in addition adored for joy and multiplication. Ladies of the towns and city-states would respect and penance to Aphrodite, to guarantee the sheltered conveyance of an infant, or to be satisfying to their future spouses (Atsma). I Greece all relationships were orchestrated to keep or raise a family’s economic wellbeing, such a large number of ladies didn't ever meet their spouses to-be until the big day. Whatever men or ladies did in their day by day exercises was pertinent to the impact of the divine beings. The Greek folklore assumed a significant job in the consistently lives of the Greek individuals, and much increasingly significant one in the improvement of their religion. Greek folklore was a route for the individuals of Greece to clarify the â€Å"why’s† and â€Å"how’s† of their reality. Their religion and their folklore were firmly entwined. This was appeared through their different methods for regarding their divine beings through celebrations, penance, and utilizing the prophets. Likewise through the death of the convictions starting with one age then onto the next. The significance of the divine beings was appeared in their great sanctuaries moreover. These Myths for the Greeks changed their reality from the obscure to kind and lovely. Works Cited â€Å"Ancient Greece. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Atsma, Aaron J. â€Å"Theoi Greek Mythology: Exploring Mythology in Classical Literature and Art. † The Theoi Project. 2008. Sept. 14, 2008. . Buxton, Richard. Old Greece. Ed. Paul Cartledge. Joined Kingdom. Cambridge University Press, 1998. Christman, Zachary and Alfred Hanssen. â€Å"Greek Religion: Religion and Death. † 2002. College of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology. Sept. 14, 2008. . Cline, Austin. â€Å"Ancient Greek Mythology, Religion, Art† Sept. 14, 2008. . â€Å"Greek Religion. † Encyclopedia Britannica. 2008. Reference book Britannica Online. Sept. 21, 2008. . Hamilton, Edith. Folklore. New York. Back Bay Books, 1942. Chase, Dr. Patricia. â€Å"Roles of Men, Women, and Children. † Richmond University. Sept. 16, 2008. . Kleiner, Fred and Christian Mamiya. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. twelfth ed. volume 1. California. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning, 2005. â€Å"The Ancient Greeks. † 2002. Sept. 16, 2008. . Wilkinson, Philip. Word reference of Mythology. New York. DK Publishing, 1998.

2011 Five-year Top Performing Direct Plans Q2

Savingforcollege.com ranks the performance of direct-sold 529 plans. Direct-sold plans are those that consumers can enroll in without using a broker. We have prepared both one-year, three-year and five-year performance tables. To prepare this ranking, we compared a subset of portfolios from each 529 savings plan. We selected portfolios based on their mix of stocks, bonds and money market funds, which allows for an apples-to-apples comparison in seven asset-allocation categories. The lower the "percentile," the better the ranking. This ranking could be a useful tool for you when selecting which direct 529 plan might be right for you. Here are our 529 performance rankings as of June 30, 2011 for Direct-sold 529 plans. Five-year performance ranking (click here for one-year performance table and three-year performance table): Rank State Plan Percentile 1 Kansas Schwab 529 College Savings Plan 30.43 2 Michigan Michigan Education Savings Program 34.66 3 Alaska University of Alaska College Savings Plan 35.74 4 Maryland College Savings Plans of Maryland -- College Investment Plan 35.81 5 Nevada The Vanguard 529 Savings Plan 36.82 6 Wisconsin EdVest (Direct-sold) 37.17 7 Alaska T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan 38.39 8 Utah Utah Educational Savings Plan (UESP) Trust 38.73 9 Virginia Virginia Education Savings Trust (VEST) 38.97 10 Ohio Ohio CollegeAdvantage 529 Savings Plan 39.51 11 New York New York's 529 College Savings Program -- Direct Plan 39.63 12 Vermont Vermont Higher Education Investment Plan 40.12 13 Arkansas GIFT College Investing Plan 40.41 14 New Jersey NJBEST 529 College Savings Plan 40.68 15 South Carolina Future Scholar 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 41.08 16 Iowa College Savings Iowa 43.41 17 Nevada Upromise College Fund 43.46 18 Missouri MOST - Missouri's 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 44.49 19 Minnesota Minnesota College Savings Plan 45.91 20 Kansas Learning Quest 529 Education Savings Program (Direct-sold) 46.32 21 Colorado Direct Portfolio College Savings Plan 46.40 22 Georgia Path2College 529 Plan 48.05 23 Kentucky Kentucky Education Savings Plan Trust 48.50 24 Connecticut Connecticut Higher Education Trust (CHET) 49.93 25 West Virginia SMART529 WV Direct 50.18 26 South Dakota CollegeAccess 529 (Direct-sold) 50.72 27 Oklahoma Oklahoma College Savings Plan 55.11 28 District of Columbia DC 529 College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 56.61 29 Mississippi Mississippi Affordable College Savings (MACS) Program 58.21 30 Rhode Island CollegeBoundfund (Direct-sold, Alternative RI) 59.12 31 Arizona Fidelity Arizona College Savings Plan 60.72 32 New Hampshire UNIQUE College Investing Plan 62.19 33 Delaware Delaware College Investment Plan 62.46 34 Massachusetts U.Fund College Investing Plan 63.38 35 West Virginia SMART529 Select 65.92 36 New Mexico The Education Plan's College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 89.13 - Alabama College Counts 529 Fund (Direct-sold) NA - California The ScholarShare College Savings Plan NA - Florida Florida College Investment Plan NA - Hawaii Hawaii's College Savings Program NA - Idaho Idaho College Savings Program (IDeal) NA - Illinois Bright Start College Savings Program -- Direct-sold Plan NA - Indiana CollegeChoice 529 Investment Plan (Direct-sold) NA - Louisiana START Saving Program NA - Maine NextGen College Investing Plan -- Client Direct Series NA - Montana Montana Family Education Savings Program Investment Plan NA - Nebraska Nebraska Education Savings Trust - Direct College Savings Plan NA - Nebraska TD Ameritrade 529 College Savings Plan NA - Nevada USAA 529 College Savings Plan NA - North Carolina National College Savings Program NA - North Dakota College SAVE NA - Oregon Oregon College Savings Plan NA - Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 529 Investment Plan NA - Texas Texas College Savings Plan NA NA = Not applicable = Program does not have at least three portfolios with sufficiently long performance under our ranking model. The Savingforcollege.com plan composite rankings are derived using the plans' relevant portfolio performance in seven unique asset allocation categories. The asset-allocation categories used are: 100 percent equity, 80 percent equity, 60 percent equity, 40 percent equity, 20 percent equity, 100 percent fixed and 100 percent short term. The plan composite ranking is determined by the average of its percentile ranking in the seven categories. The performance data underlying these rankings represent past performance and are not a guarantee of future performance. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data used. A plan portfolio's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares or units when redeemed may be worth more or less than their original cost. Investors should carefully consider plan investment goals, risks, charges and expenses by obtaining and reading the plan's official program description before investing. Investors should also consider whether their beneficiary's home state offers any tax or other benefits that are available for investments only in such state's 529 plan. Brokers, please note: For internal use only and not for use with or to be shown to the investing public. Disclaimer: JFH Innovative LLC shall not be liable for any errors or omissions in this report. Users should rely on official program disclosures. For broker-sold plan rankings, click here. Savingforcollege.com ranks the performance of direct-sold 529 plans. Direct-sold plans are those that consumers can enroll in without using a broker. We have prepared both one-year, three-year and five-year performance tables. To prepare this ranking, we compared a subset of portfolios from each 529 savings plan. We selected portfolios based on their mix of stocks, bonds and money market funds, which allows for an apples-to-apples comparison in seven asset-allocation categories. The lower the "percentile," the better the ranking. This ranking could be a useful tool for you when selecting which direct 529 plan might be right for you. Here are our 529 performance rankings as of June 30, 2011 for Direct-sold 529 plans. Five-year performance ranking (click here for one-year performance table and three-year performance table): Rank State Plan Percentile 1 Kansas Schwab 529 College Savings Plan 30.43 2 Michigan Michigan Education Savings Program 34.66 3 Alaska University of Alaska College Savings Plan 35.74 4 Maryland College Savings Plans of Maryland -- College Investment Plan 35.81 5 Nevada The Vanguard 529 Savings Plan 36.82 6 Wisconsin EdVest (Direct-sold) 37.17 7 Alaska T. Rowe Price College Savings Plan 38.39 8 Utah Utah Educational Savings Plan (UESP) Trust 38.73 9 Virginia Virginia Education Savings Trust (VEST) 38.97 10 Ohio Ohio CollegeAdvantage 529 Savings Plan 39.51 11 New York New York's 529 College Savings Program -- Direct Plan 39.63 12 Vermont Vermont Higher Education Investment Plan 40.12 13 Arkansas GIFT College Investing Plan 40.41 14 New Jersey NJBEST 529 College Savings Plan 40.68 15 South Carolina Future Scholar 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 41.08 16 Iowa College Savings Iowa 43.41 17 Nevada Upromise College Fund 43.46 18 Missouri MOST - Missouri's 529 College Savings Plan (Direct-sold) 44.49 19 Minnesota Minnesota College Savings Plan 45.91 20 Kansas Learning Quest 529 Education Savings Program (Direct-sold) 46.32 21 Colorado Direct Portfolio College Savings Plan 46.40 22 Georgia Path2College 529 Plan 48.05 23 Kentucky Kentucky Education Savings Plan Trust 48.50 24 Connecticut Connecticut Higher Education Trust (CHET) 49.93 25 West Virginia SMART529 WV Direct 50.18 26 South Dakota CollegeAccess 529 (Direct-sold) 50.72 27 Oklahoma Oklahoma College Savings Plan 55.11 28 District of Columbia DC 529 College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 56.61 29 Mississippi Mississippi Affordable College Savings (MACS) Program 58.21 30 Rhode Island CollegeBoundfund (Direct-sold, Alternative RI) 59.12 31 Arizona Fidelity Arizona College Savings Plan 60.72 32 New Hampshire UNIQUE College Investing Plan 62.19 33 Delaware Delaware College Investment Plan 62.46 34 Massachusetts U.Fund College Investing Plan 63.38 35 West Virginia SMART529 Select 65.92 36 New Mexico The Education Plan's College Savings Program (Direct-sold) 89.13 - Alabama College Counts 529 Fund (Direct-sold) NA - California The ScholarShare College Savings Plan NA - Florida Florida College Investment Plan NA - Hawaii Hawaii's College Savings Program NA - Idaho Idaho College Savings Program (IDeal) NA - Illinois Bright Start College Savings Program -- Direct-sold Plan NA - Indiana CollegeChoice 529 Investment Plan (Direct-sold) NA - Louisiana START Saving Program NA - Maine NextGen College Investing Plan -- Client Direct Series NA - Montana Montana Family Education Savings Program Investment Plan NA - Nebraska Nebraska Education Savings Trust - Direct College Savings Plan NA - Nebraska TD Ameritrade 529 College Savings Plan NA - Nevada USAA 529 College Savings Plan NA - North Carolina National College Savings Program NA - North Dakota College SAVE NA - Oregon Oregon College Savings Plan NA - Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 529 Investment Plan NA - Texas Texas College Savings Plan NA NA = Not applicable = Program does not have at least three portfolios with sufficiently long performance under our ranking model. The Savingforcollege.com plan composite rankings are derived using the plans' relevant portfolio performance in seven unique asset allocation categories. The asset-allocation categories used are: 100 percent equity, 80 percent equity, 60 percent equity, 40 percent equity, 20 percent equity, 100 percent fixed and 100 percent short term. The plan composite ranking is determined by the average of its percentile ranking in the seven categories. The performance data underlying these rankings represent past performance and are not a guarantee of future performance. Current performance may be lower or higher than the performance data used. A plan portfolio's investment return and principal value will fluctuate so that an investor's shares or units when redeemed may be worth more or less than their original cost. Investors should carefully consider plan investment goals, risks, charges and expenses by obtaining and reading the plan's official program description before investing. Investors should also consider whether their beneficiary's home state offers any tax or other benefits that are available for investments only in such state's 529 plan. Brokers, please note: For internal use only and not for use with or to be shown to the investing public. Disclaimer: JFH Innovative LLC shall not be liable for any errors or omissions in this report. Users should rely on official program disclosures. For broker-sold plan rankings, click here.

Derivatives Mishaps Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2539 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Metallgesellschaft Corporation is one of the subsidiaries of Metallgesellschaft A.G. , a German Conglomerate which largely owned by institutional investors and banks such as Deutsche Bank AG, the Dresdner Bank AG, Daimler-Benz, Allianz and the Kuwait Investment Authority. In 1993, Metallgesellschaft Refining and Marketing known as MGRM which is one of the Metallgesellschafts trading subsidiary, had decided to establish a huge amount of derivatives positions which consists of futures and swaps to perform hedging on its price exposure and MGRM was to sell certain amount of petroleum for up to 10 years at a fixed prices. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Derivatives Mishaps Example For Free" essay for you Create order Mostly the clients or customers of MGRM are retail gasoline suppliers, large manufacturing firms and government agencies. The total amount of petroleum barrels that MGRM had committed to deliver are 160 million barrels. MGRM provided their customer petroleum at a fixed price who they often face liquidity and margin issues when oil price rises and MGRM believed that it is possible to arbitrage with the spot market and long term contract. MGRM had provided their customers a chance to shift the price risk in the fluctuating oil price market as MGRM had confidence in their financial resources were able to manage risk transference efficiently. One of the MGRM hedging strategy in order to manage spot price risk was to use front-end month futures on NYMEX. Besides that MGRM employed stacked hedging strategy but not spreading them over longer dated and maturity. Eventually, things went opposite to MGRMs assumption and Metallgesellschaft had reported a total loss of $1.3 billion in late 19 93 . Metallgesellschaft had requested bailout from the investors and banks with a total amount of $1.9 billion in order to rescue and prevent it from going into bankruptcy. Causes of Derivatives Mishaps One of the causes that lead to derivative mishaps is the assumption of economics of scale and was mistaken by MGRM by going for long future and entered into OTC swap agreements. When the prices of the oil rises, MGRM will generates a gain but when the price falls, MGRM will suffer losses. Therefore, this rolling strategy is working when MRGM hedging against MGRM clients trades when only the oil price drops while MGRM suffer loses when the price rises . MRGMs forward contract has leaded them into a dangerous position when there is a rising price of the oil. Such hedging strategy had been exposing the firm to three risk which is the basis risk, liquidity risk and also credit risk. The firm was hedging with a maturity structure which was mismatch with its delivery contracts. It will expose the firm to basis risk because the value of the short dated futures positions is not compensated by equal and opposite variations in the value of the long-dated delivery contract. The value of th e contract will not be able to hedge perfectly because of the mismatch of the maturity. All the gain and losses are settled daily. The holder need to pay or receives an amount equal to the daily change in the future price. When the price drop, MRGM need to incur negative cash flow to fund for the margin calls. Besides that, the future contract contained an option which enabled the counterparties to closure the contract early if the New York Mercantile Exchange future contract was greater than the selling price of the MRGM. This option is attractive to the customer which have financial distress problem. Other than that, the hedge was created with a view that the market would be in backwardationÂÂ  situation. The risk manager believes that the market will remain in the backwardation because it is usually happen in the stock market. Therefore, they decided to follow the hedge strategy. However, the market has shifted to contangoÂÂ  where the futures prices are higher than the spot prices. This causes the increasing in the cost of the hedge. All the gain due to the short positions was more than offset by a loss due to the futures positions. It will causes certain issue as to the size of the firms total open interest was a larger percentage of the total and making these position to be liquidated will be harder and more challenging. The firm also exposed themselves with the risk that not having enough amount of funds in case of immediate margin calls. The firm faced some problems in providing certain amount of funds to maintain the position.A hedge is supposed to transfer away the market risk but the firm was exposed to the risk that needs to find out the cash for the immediate margin call that caused by the contango effect. They were exposing themselves to 85 days worth of the entire output of Kuwait. If oil prices happens to decrease, MGRM would incur losses on their dedicated hedging positions and would undoubtedly receiving margin calls. As such leading to negative cash flow in the short run as no cash would be received for the gain in the value of the forward contracts until the oil was sold although the gain in the forward contract positions would offset the losses. No economic loss would occur because of their hedge strategy, but the size of their position created a funding risk. The stack and roll strategy cause the losses because in a contango market the spot price decreased more than the futures prices. Other than that, German accounting standards also compounded MGRM problems. Lower of Cost or Market (LCM) accounting is a standard required in Germany. While in the United States, MGRM undoubtedly met the requirements of a hedge and received hedge accounting. Therefore, profit was shown in MGRM financial statement. Their hedge losses were deferred because they offset the gains of their forward contract. However, MG was required to subscribe their current losses without recognizing the gains on their fixed-rate fo rward positions until they were realized by using LCM. MGs income statement was a failure since the German accounting standards did not allow for the netting of position.. This drastically changed the market arena for MGRM. Therefore, the swap counterparties required additional capital to maintain their swap positions and the NYMEX imposed more margin requirements on MGRM more than doubling their performance bond requirement. MGRMs positions may not have alarmed the marketplace and they might have been able to reduce their positions in the OTC market without getting their eyeballs pulled out if the hedge accounting had been acceptable in Germany. Hedging Alternative to Avoid Mishaps In this hedging activity did by Metallgesellschaft (MGRM), by guarantying their customers fix price for gasoline, heating oil and diesel fuel. This hedging had make MGRM expose to many different risk, price risk, credit risk and delivery risk. MGRM could use many different ways to hedge their position. These hedging strategies have pros and con as shown below. Alternative A MGRM can use lower hedge ratio, reducing the hedge ratio will minimize cash flow variance and increase the companys liquidity risk. It also takes into account on basis risk, use correlation of assets as hedge ratio. However, by using this strategy MGRMs dynamic adjustments could be expensive; this is because the transaction cost will eventually increase. Alternative B MGRM could hedge with short maturity forwards; this action will let the company to reduce basis risk because MGRM has long short term futures. This action also increases the companys liquidity in market. Alternative C The other option for MGRM to hedge is to include option as part of their hedging strategy. Company could always use option to limit their lost to make sure the risk they face is manageable. MRGM could long zero cost collar as part of their strategy. Zero cost collar is a type of positive-carry collar that secures a return through the purchase of a cap and sale of a floor.ÂÂ  Also called zero cost options or equity risk reversals. This could limit their downside lost. Besides, MGRM also can use long call option with similar maturity to protect themselves from exposing to too much risk. With call option, the company face limited downside and have give the company to realize unlimited profit. As show in the graph, x-axis shows the profit of the company and y-axis shows the price for the underlying asset (gasoline, heating oil and diesel fuel). Alternative D Furthermore, MGRM can transfer all the risk to a third party by selling off all the delivery contracts. By selling the delivery contracts, the company will obtain an origination fee that makes sure a certain profit. The cons from the action is the company has to give up most of the expected profits because not matter how much the contracts earn; the profit will be transfer to the third party. Besides, due to the complexity of the contract it will be hard to sell it. These contracts have non-transparency problem including counterparty risk, embedded option, long term maturity contracts, etc. Alternative E Another alternative is the company own physical storage of the underlying asset. The company can create a large network of storage facilities, having lots of inventory will help company to meet customers demand. But, this alternative is not practical, because it is nearly impossible to store oil for 10 years and it will be very expensive to pay the storage cost. These are the suggested alternative that MGRM could use. But the final decision will still based on the financial experts. They will analysis the current economic performance, inflation and etc to make their final decision. Lessons Learnt from Hedging: Metallgesellschafts near-collapse and experience with derivatives suggests some lessons. Value hedging and cash flow hedging is very important because a hedge with mismatched maturity can create to an enormous funding risks. Problems may occur when a hedging strategy is set up without a careful regard for the financing it may require. MGs strategy should make both of the cash flow patterns and its firms value a crucial part to consider or put it as the main concern. Besides that, another lesson learned is that the accounting and disclosure conventions must be appropriate. Conflicting and inappropriate accounting and disclosure conventions can create uncertainty about a firms hedging strategy and make it difficult for the firm to raise income when it needs to. The case of MG shows the dangers of treating derivatives positions differently from the assets or liabilities that the derivatives are being used to hedge. There should not be accounting reorganization of gains and losses o n derivatives positions used for hedging unless the gains and losses on the positions that are being hedged also are recognized. In additional, it is also very important that both senior managers and the board of directors of a firm should understand how a firm is using derivatives. They should understand the risks associated with it if they use derivatives as part of the hedging strategy. In other words, approval from the board is needed before the strategy is implemented. Senior managers should understand the firms exposure to changes in prices and to basis changes, and should be informed about potential funding needs. For the case of Metallgesellschaft, it is believe that its supervisory board did not fully understand the risks associated with MGRMs forward-contracting and associated hedging strategy or did not correctly evaluate these risks when approved the strategy. Metallgesellschaft also gave us a lesson about the important of boards and managers to acknowledge financi al and regulatory constraints. It is important for hedgers to foresee or expect and to manage funding needs. Financial institutions or the creditor banks play an important rule here. It needs to have the backing of financial institutions that understand and approve of the firms use of derivatives, and are willing to advance credit to fund margin outflows on derivatives positions. For the case of Metallgesellschaft, it is believe that they did not have such an understanding with its creditor banks. Another lesson we can learn from Metallgesellschaft is that cash is the crucial thing when in the time of distress or debacle. Metallgesellschafts delivery contracts were not liquid enough and facing difficulty to the extent of very low possibility to sell it off at a reasonable price. As the strategy was not able to finance by it ownself, Metallgesellschaft had to request bailout from investors and banks to settle its market debts and avoid bankruptcy. Other than that, complexity is another matter influence the risk management which will makes the risk management more difficult. Somehow, the implementation and analysis of Metallgesellschafts strategy was rather complex than the original strategy planned beforehand. The complexity of cash-out option ,delivery contracts and their enormous derivative positions had cause difficulty in evaluating its economic of oil trading. Complexity indirectly building obscurity and confusion resulting in vulnerability in business and difficulty in financing. Last but not least, the other lesson that can be learned is that a firm which established a huge position in market will never gets undetected. When a firm controlling such a large share of open interest, markets can become dysfunctional in two ways which is either the company can gain competitive advantage and to eliminate its competitors , if those participants remain stagnant and disorganized; or the company itself can be eliminated, if other market competitors begin to fulfill the role of counterparty and trade against the company in an organized manner. As Metallgesellschaft gigantic hedging position is transparent enough to alert the specialists in the oil markets, the specialists knew that Metallgesellschaft would have no choice but continue rollin. The specialist traders were waiting for the chance when Metallgesellschaft started to move a big position . Eventually, the lessons we can learned from the case of Metallgesellschaft include the importance of value hedging and cash flow hedging, the accounting and disclosure conventions must be appropriate, both senior managers and the board of directors of a firm should understand how a firm is using derivatives, the importance of boards and managers to acknowledge financial and regulatory constraints, cash is King when in the time of debacle, avoid complexity which affects risk management and a big position in the markets never goes undetected. Conclusion Although hedging is a good way to manage a firms exposure to risk, risk manager should be always be aware and be careful when performing hedging. As what had lead to MGRMs derivatives mishaps is they had overhedged , all the necessary information and data must be collected and carefully calculated and the right amount of the underlying assets needed to be hedged should be measured well planned beforehand. Besides that, Board of Directors and managers must understand the derivatives strategies and implication. As from the case of MGRM , it suggest that the Board might not fully understand the risk associated with the hedging strategy and did not evaluate the risk when approving them. So its critical that Boards and manager must understand the using of derivatives as hedging strategy and their potential risk and ramifications. In conclusion , hedging will be beneficial to firms as it can work as protection against price movements but it will works against you like what had happ ened to Metallgesellschaft if one does not carry out the hedge cautiously, so everything must be planned carefully and managers must be sensitive and knowledgeable about the risk of hedging and always aware of regulatory actions by the officials and potential consequences when establish a hedging position.

What Made Non Violence Work - 1154 Words

Gandhi and Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work? Background Essay The history of violence in the world is well documented. However it is also possible to use non-violence to bring about change. This DBQ will look at two countries where a non-violent movement was successful. Historic Context India and South Africa were two important nations on two different continents. But although they looked strong on the outside, each one suffered from a disease that threatened the health of the whole. For India, the disease was colonization. For South Africa, it was racial segregation. Three Conditions In each of these nations three conditions help explain why non-violence worked. The first condition was that both of them†¦show more content†¦This was the first time, though not the last, that Mandela felt disrespected for his blackness. In the 1930’s it was rare for a black South African to attend college. But Mandela not only attended, he graduated, got a degree from law school, and set up a practice in Johannesburg which he hoped could support his small family. Yet apartheid was always a humiliation to him. When the Afrikaner, or Dutch South African, Nationalists came to power in the 1948 election, the segregation habits of the past three hundred years became law. Hoping for a brighter future, Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) and became its first Youth Leader. In the 1960s, many of the colonial nations of Africa were gaining independence. The ANC was encouraged and campaigned for democracy in South Africa. They were mild campaigns at first, but as the government became more hostile, so did ANC protests. In November 1961, a military branch of the party was organized with Mandela as its head. It authorized the limited use of arms and sabotage against the government, which got the government’s attention—and its anger! Mandela went into hiding in 1964, he was captured, tried, and sentenced to life imprisonment. It was a sad day for black South Africa. As days stretched to months, months to years,Show MoreRelatedWhat Made Non Violence Work?1350 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Made Non-Violence Work? While when discussing the history of the world’s power forces, violence makes for stimulating discussion, other tactics were put to good use, one of these alternatives being non-violence. With the guidance of three worldwide heroes - Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela - with contagious optimism and high spirits, it became apparent just how much of a difference could be made carried out through non-violent terms. Mankind was introduced to anotherRead MoreGandhi, King and Mandela: What Made Non-Violence Work?797 Words   |  4 PagesMandela: What Made Non-Violence Work? All through history governments and empires have been overthrown or defeated primarily by the violence of those who oppose them. This violence was usually successful however, there have been several situations, when violence failed, that protesters have had to turn to other methods. Non-violent protesting never seemed to be the right course of action until the ideology of Mohandas Gandhi spread and influenced successful protests across the world. Non-violentRead MoreCesar Chavez and La Causa809 Words   |  3 PagesDuring the years of the Great Depression, Asian and Mexican immigrants had to take up the agricultural jobs in the United States. These immigrants made up the majority of the poor and faced problems with immigration, taxes, and the labor system, along with racial discrimination and a sense of inequality within society (Tejada-Flores, â€Å"The United†) Workers were surviving on 90 cents per hour with an addition of 10 cents per basket gathered for working in the fields and worked in poor environmentsRead MoreMartin Luther King vs. Malcolm X Essay825 Words   |  4 Pagescivil rights speakers in the United States was Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm x. Both of these men had two very different views on what they thought would be the best way for blacks to get equality. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in his main philosophy which was non violent resistance. Martin used the teachings from Ghandi to teach African Americans how to use non violent resistance as a way to earn equality. He also believed that blacks should try to find common ground between them and the whiteRead MoreReligion and Violence Essay examples1081 Words   |  5 PagesConflict and violence is around us throughout the world and the mass media has made a huge impact of what we think of violence and the relation to religion, especially in the last couple of years. In addition violence has been considered as being part of human nature and comes from our biological struct ure of aggression. It is an out let for us to relieve stress levels and some believe that it can be a device of vengeance and a positive mechanism to human survival. For example it is a system forRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreau1384 Words   |  6 Pagesand nonviolent opposition. The question is which of these is more appealing than the other. In violent protest, citizens protest against their opposition with violence such as; rioting, vandalizing, arson, assault, and many other forms of violence. In nonviolent protest citizens will protest their opposition peacefully through calm and non-violent protest. This is also known as civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is the most efficient form of protest in a society. In all societies both modernRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And The Darkness1198 Words   |  5 Pagesdarkness everywhere.’† Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, made this statement on the evening of January 30, 1948. The light he was referring to was Mohandas Gandhi and the darkness was caused by his assassination. Mohandas K. Gandhi by Charles Shields and Gandhi by Catherine Clement were the books I referenced. Gandhi was an Indian who dedicated his entire life to gaining independence for India without the use of any violence. He also believed in equality for all, no matter their religionRead MoreNon-Violent Resistance: The Stoppable Ways982 Words   |  4 Pagesinto the same outer space and participate the same environments have made us very curious about whom we are. It is true that we were born into different lifestyles yet we do not know much about ourselves, especially how we, oppressed people, can deal things in a non-violent resistance. According to Martin Luther King’s Three Ways of Meeting Oppression, he reveals how we can deal with our oppression in three characteristic ways – non-violent resistance, violent resistance and acquiescence. He believesRead Morethe person I admire most1743 Words   |  7 Pagesgaining the freedom of India. Mahatma Gandhi gave the Indian People not only freedom but also the new thoughts on non-violence and sustainable living. There are some qualities about him like trust, non-violence, legacy, etc. These qualities are the ones that inspired me. He said that â€Å"If my faith burns bright as I hope it will even if I start alone, I shall be alive in grave and what is more speaking from it†. Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in small town named Porbander. Gandhi wasRead MoreWorld Peace and Nonviolence1443 Words   |  6 PagesWorld Peace and Non-violence Ganadhipati Tulsi Society consists of innumerable individuals having a common bond. That bond is mutuality. Plurality constitutes collectivity, but mere collectivity does not become society without the bond of mutuality. Without a common thread the beads would not make a rosary and it is of utmost importance to examine and evaluate the thread. We live as part of society and the unit of society is the individual. Like individuals like society and vice versa. The above

Case Study Harassment

Question: Discuss about the Case Studyfor Harassment. Answer: Facts In the provided scenario there has been an alleged act or corruption in which the principle of Bukit Brown Primary School [BBPS] has been involved. The act has been reported by Melissa who has been denied admission to her child even after paying $10000 as donation. After investigation it was found that the claim was false and Melissa was asked to remove her post against MOE but she did not do so. Melissa has been given a notice from MOE to remove the post or she would be subjected to legal action under the Harassment Act 2014 [POHA]. Issue The issue in this scenario is to advice Melissa and LMU whether or not MOE can make a successful claim against them. Legal Principles POHA has been enacted to protect persons in and outside Singapore from unnecessary harassment and distress. Section 4 of POHA specifically prevents any person form using any abusive, insulting or threatening word, behavior or communication which is perceived otherwise, heard or seen by any other person and is likely to cause alarm distress or harassment. The person who contravenes such sections shall have to pay a fine and serve imprisonment subjected to section 8[1]. According to Section 15 of POHA if a person publishes through any means a statement of fact about another person which is not true the aggrieved person can apply to the district court for a relief under Subsection 2. According to Section 15(2) the district court with respect to section 21(1) may upon such application by the aggrieved person make an order to prevent any person from publishing or continuing to publish the statements complained of by the aggrieved party unless that person he or she publishes notification which would make the court bring its attention to true facts and falsehood. According to section 15(3) the district court cannot publish such an order under Section 15(2) unless the balance of probabilities have been satisfied by it such as the relation of the statement of fact which has been complained about with the aggrieved party and whether or not it would be equitable and just to do so. According to section 15(4) the order provided under section 15(2) would be subjected to conditions and exceptions which would be specified by the court in the order. According to section 15(5) he order would have effect on the person on whom the order is applicable as soon as the order is placed on him in the way as provided by the order, from the date when the order has been dispensed by the court or at a date as specified by the district court. According to section 15 (6) the order may be cancelled by the court through an application of the author, any other person to whom the order applies and the aggrieved party. In the case of Attorney-General v Ting Choon Meng and another appeal [2017] SGCA 6 the respondents were directors of a mobile company owning a patent in Singapore[2]. The company had filed a case against the ministry of defense stating that the ministries have infringed their rights on the patent. The proceedings were not completed due to the financial position of the company. The respondents had made several allegations against the ministry of defense through a video the video was further posted on facebook. The MOD in this case had posted another post in response to the video making clear indications that they were not involved in any such acts and the video has been posted to harass them. The appellant in this case had appealed against respondents with respect to section 15(2) of the POHA. The appeal stated that the allegation made by the company was not true and had been posted without any notification. The order was granted by the district court but the high court upheld the appeal against the order. It was held by the high court in this case with Sundaresh Menon CJ dissenting that only a natural person is entitled to make an appeal for the order and the Ministry of Defense is not a Natural person. The court further provided that it would not be equitable and just for them to provide the order in the given circumstances. Using the doctrine of statutory interpretation the judges held that although Section 36 and 3 of the the Government Proceedings Act provides that the government bare entitled to enforce their rights through legal action but it fails to answer the fact that such rights actually exist in the first place or not. The court held that section 15 of the POHA was the only section which could apparently be applied to entities other than human beings. The section also does not have any counter parts in any other jurisdiction and thus merely giving relevance to the actual text of section 15 would distort and defeat the purpose of the parliament behind the incorporation of the Section. Parliament intention with respect to section 15 of the POHA can also be ascertained through the analysis of the speech of the minister provided at the time of brining the legislation into the legal framework. There was further no or little evidence with respect to the interpretation of section 15 which could provi de that the section extended to governments and non natural persons. In the case of Chee Soon Juan and another v Public Prosecutor and other appeals [2011] SGHC 17 it was ruled by the court that Article 14 of the constitution provides freedom of speech and the government can impose any restriction on it if it concerns the security of Singapore[3]. Unless such restrictions have been imposed by the government the right to freedom of speech under article 14 is valid. In the case of Derbyshire County council v Times Newspapers Ltd and others 1993 the local authority wanted to bring a defamation claim against two articles published in the defendant newspapers[4]. The appeal was dismissed by the high court stating that public authorities must be kept open to public criticism and upholding such an appeal would unnecessarily impose the threat of defamation on public criticism. Application In this part of the paper the law discussed above has been applied to facts of the case in order to come to an appropriate solution. In this scenario Melissa have posted a comment related to the corruption of Ministry of Education. She has received a letter from the MOE to take down the post or she would be subjected to legal actions under the provisions of POHA. As discussed above Section 3 of the POHA protest a person from being harassed unnecessarily. Section 15 further provides protection against any false statement of fact made by a person towards another. However is this case the MOE cannot be regarded as person under section 15 of the legislation as provided in the Ting Choon Meng case. Similar to that of ministry of defense ministry of educations also is not a natural person and as interpreted by the judges in the case section 15 of the legislation is only applicable on natural persons. Thus MOE has no right to make the claim which they propose to make through their letter against LMU and Melissa. Further Article 14 of the constitution provides freedom of speech to the citizens of Singapore. Although the right is not absolute it is only subjected to restrictions made by the parliament with respect to the security of Singapore as provided in the case of Chee Soon Juan. In this case the post made by Melissa is in no way threatening the security of Singapore or has the potential to do so. Thus Melissa is protected through provision of Article 14 related to freedom of expression. She is allowed to freely express her view and her post is not illegal. Therefore along with not having the capacity to sue Melissa, MOE would also not be able to prove that the post made by Melissa accounts to harassment. Applying the principles of the Derbyshire County case in this scenario where the court ensured the right to freedom of speech and criticism of public authorities it can be held that Melissa also has the right to criticize the ministry of education. The ministry of education can be subjected to public criticism as it is a public authority. Thus the case of Melissa would be made even stronger through the application of the principles of the Derbyshire County case as discussed above. Conclusion Concluding the paper it can clearly be made out that as MOE is not a natural person they do not have the right to make a harassment claim Melissa. Melissa has made her post in accordance to her right of freedom of speech provided to her by Article 14 of the constitution and there are no exceptions which prove that she has misused the right. Melissa has through her post criticized a public authority which is not legal and cannot be accounted to defamation. Thus the MOE have no claim against Melissa. Bibliography Attorney-General v Ting Choon Meng and another appeal [2017] SGCA 6 Chee Soon Juan and another v Public Prosecutor and other appeals [2011] SGHC 17 Derbyshire County council v Times Newspapers Ltd and others 1993 Harassment Act 2014